The ability to realize the economics of energy supply and use and the consequences for environmental quality, sustainable economic growth and development. A variety of energy types is examined including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and a range of renewable energy technologies including biomass, hydro, solar, and wind power. The effects of energy use on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, on air and water quality, and on human health are considered along with policies to mitigate these effects such as carbon prices, emissions targets, efficiency requirements and investments, and renewable portfolio standards. The effects of import dependence and development of indigenous renewable energy resources on energy security and regional economic growth and development are assessed. Alternative future energy paths are developed that are consistent with environmental stewardship, energy security, and sustainable economic growth, development, and research project.