Sensors (Temperature sensors, Pressure sensors, Infrared sensors, inductive sensor, etc.), Instrumentation Amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt Trigger, Testing and troubleshooting of electronic circuits (electronic circuits assembly, automatic testing equipment, CAM systems), Basic Concepts of Programmable Logic Controllers, The Structure of Programmable Logic Controllers, Binary Logic Operations, Memory Operations, Timer & Counter Operations, Data Types & Data Transfer Functions, Compare Functions, Arithmetic Functions, Math Functions, Conversion Functions, Logic Functions, Status Bits, Jump Functions, Master Control Relays, and Block Functions.