Risk factors associated with the development of diabetic kidney disease in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study

Background and aims: Limited data are available regarding the risk factors associated with the devel
opment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among Sudanese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Dr. Salma Center for Kidney Diseases between April and
September 2019. Patients with T2DM and DKD were compared to age and sex-matched T2DM patients
with no kidney disease (NKD). Socio-demographic features, clinical findings, and laboratory in
vestigations of the study subjects and controls were analyzed using SPSS.
Results: A total of 372 patients with DKD were compared to 364 T2DM patients with NKD. The mean age
of the DKD patients was 58 ± 13.4 years, their median eGFR was 37.3 ± 4.9 ml/min/1.73 m2; they had
their T2DM at a significantly younger age compared to controls (P ¼ 0.014). Logistic regression analysis
revealed that a family history of diabetes mellitus, a family history of chronic kidney disease, the pres
ence of hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, smoking, recurrent urinary tract
infection, and the regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were significantly associated
with the development of DKD (P values < 0.05).
Conclusion: A series of modifiable risk factors were found to be significant determinants for developing
DKD. Primary care physicians are expected to pay considerable attention to their control.