Metal ion release from orthodontic appliances: Concerns regarding potential carcinogenic effects

Orthodontic Treatment has long been used to correct dental misalignments and improve oral health and aesthetics. Metal appliances, such as braces and wires, are particularly common among the various tools and techniques employed in orthodontics. These appliances are typically crafted from metals such as stainless steel, nickel, chromium, and titanium, owing to their favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility