Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the structural and photocatalytic properties of three-dimensional PVA/g-C3N4 polymer films

This study introduces a novel polymer nanocomposite film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and zirconia (ZrO2), created via solution casting for effective water remediation of organic dyes. The film shows significant potential for enhancing pollutant removal efficiency and offering a sustainable solution for water reuse. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, UV–vis, TGA, and FESEM-EDX indicated strong interfacial interactions among PVA, ZrO2, and g-C3N4. XPS and UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a reduction in the optical energy gap from 4.8 to 3.95 eV, enhancing photocatalytic activity. SEM confirmed uniform dispersion of ZrO2 and g-C3N4 within the PVA matrix. Kinetic studies of methylene blue (MB) degradation under solar irradiation at neutral pH showed rate constants (k) of 0.0032 min−1, 0.0094 min−1, 0.0383 min−1, and 0.0816 min−1 for PVA, PVA/(0.003)ZrO2/g-C3N4, PVA/(0.007)ZrO2/g-C3N4, and PVA/(0.01)ZrO2/g-C3N4, respectively. The corresponding half-life times (t1/2) were 216.6 min, 73.7 min, 18.1 min, and 8.5 min, with photodegradation efficiencies of 10 %, 75.2 %, 90 %, and 95 %. This recyclable nanocomposite polymer, PVA/ZrO2/g-C3N4, shows promise for effective decontamination of organic pollutants in water, presenting an innovative approach for advanced remediation and secure wastewater recycling.This work is crucial for society as it contributes to solving the global challenge of water pollution, ensuring access to clean and safe water.