Efficient extraction of heavy metals from aqueous environments using magnetic effervescent Tablet-Assisted ionic Liquid-Based dispersive Solid-Phase microextraction

In this study, we successfully developed an effervescent tablet-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction approach using sulfanilic acid-modified magnetic graphene oxide (MGO@SA-DSPM) for the efficient removal of heavy metals (Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cr(II)). The study systematically investigated the impact of different variables on the extraction efficiency of heavy metals. Results demonstrated that the MGO@SA nanocomposite exhibited superior extraction yields for all four metals, with recovery rates of 100.6 % for Cd(II), 103.6 % for Zn (II), 99.39 % for Cr(III), and 87.08 % for Pb(II), surpassing those of the MGO composite (81.08 % for Cd(II), 101.5 % for Zn(II), 54.35 % for Cr(III), and 80.48 % for Pb(II)). The enhanced extraction efficiencies due to the introduction of additional functional moieties, such as sulphonyl (-SO3-) and amid (NH-CO) moieties, onto the surface of MGO through its modification with SA. This led to a significantly improved extraction process. Under optimized conditions, the MGO@SA-DSPM method achieved low limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.204 to 299 μg/L, and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.68 and 0.99 μg/L, along with satisfactory extraction recoveries (87.08 % − 103.6 %) and relative standard deviations of 1.36–1.99 % for all four heavy metals. In summary, the proposed MGO@SA-DSPM approach demonstrates promising potential for routine water quality monitoring.