Transparent titanium ions doped lead-borate glasses with optimized persistent optical features for optoelectronic applications

The detection of distinctive optical materials is still under investigation. Hence, here, the melt-quenching
approach was used to create a series of PbO–B2O3–TiO2 (PBT) glass materials with improved optical features.
The transmittance of this PBT glass system decreased, and its reflectivity increased, through titanium ions
doping. Spectrophotometric studies show that the optical bandgap energy of the PBT glasses decreased from
2.60 eV to 2.44 eV, arising from the permitted indirect electronic transitions, whereas the Urbach energy
augmented from 0.029 eV to 0.042 eV as the TiO2 content increased. The incorporation of titanium ions into the
lead-borate glass improved the behavior of the optical parameters, optical constants, energy loss factor, and
dispersion parameters, as well as controlling the sheet resistance, coverage density, figure of merit, and plasma
resonance frequency. Additionally, the electronic parameters including the energies of Plasmon, Penn, and
Fermi, and the number of active electrons were evaluated. It was theoretically confirmed that the refractive index
and band gap were oppositely correlated. Metallization criteria values indicated that these glasses exhibited
semiconductor characteristics. Obtained findings revealed that the PBT glasses are suitable for optoelectronic
applications. Finally, this work offers meaningful reference for developing optoelectronic properties of glass
materials.