Corruption Control, Government Efectiveness and Banking Stability: Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels?

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between corruption control, government efectiveness and banking stability in 21 countries during the period of 2003–2019. The study used many estimators to overcome heterogeneity and endo- geneity issues as well as diagnostic tests to increase robustness. The unit root test results showed that all variables were stationary. The Pedroni, Kao and Westerlund cointegration test results supported the rejection of the null hypothesis of no cointe- gration, conirming the long-run efects of corruption control and government efec- tiveness on banking stability. In addition, FMOLS and DOLS were used to control endogeneity. The dynamic panel data estimator results revealed a signiicant nega- tive relationship between corruption control, government efectiveness and banking stability in high-income countries. The low-income country results indicated that the opposite scenario was true for most estimations. The middle- and high-income country results were the same for the corruption control, government efectiveness and banking stability nexus but diferent for government efectiveness and banking stability. The main conclusions of the study were that countries with high corrup- tion control enhance banking stability growth by employing the grease the wheels hypothesis under high levels of government efectiveness and countries with low corruption control impede banking stability growth by applying the sands the wheels hypothesis under low levels of government efectiveness.