Lactate threshold training to improve long- distance running performance: A narrative review

This narrative review revealed the crucial aspects that need to be highlighted when introducing the lactate threshold (LT) training protocol to improve the distance running performance of athletes. The authors searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and categorized the search results into nine themes. These aspects include the physiology of LT training, the individualization of LT training programs, the effects of the LT training protocol on endurance performance, the practical application of LT training for distance runners, progress monitoring and LT training adaptation, and the role of nutrition and recovery in LT training, the role of artificial intelligence in LT training, possible drawbacks and remedial strategies, and future directions in LT training research. This review suggests improving endurance through improving muscle lactate utilization and highlights the need for individualization of LT training programs, taking physiological variations and psychological factors into account to effectively tailor training. In particular, physiological adaptations such as improved metabolic efficiency and lactate clearance contribute to longer time to exhaustion and longer overall athletic performance. Additionally, the author covers structured training, pacing strategies, and real-world considerations such as terrain and altitude necessary for training long-distance runners. Finally, it is important to monitor progress and adjust LT training protocols based on physiological markers, performance indicators, and environmental factors. Possible disadvantages such as overtraining and injury risks are discussed, as well as strategies to limit damage through regular assessments and biomechanical analysis. This review covers key aspects of LT training and provides insights for athletes and coaches to optimize programs, improve performance, and guide future research.