Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Cystatin C and Creatinine Levels and MAU: A Case-Control Study

Background: Smoking-related hemodynamic events may adversely influence renal function. The aim of this study was to
evaluate renal impairment biomarkers among healthy people influenced by cigarette smoke.
Methods and Results: In this case-control study, 90 subjects were enrolled: 60 were smokers, and 30 were non-smokers
(apparently healthy control). Serum CysC was measured using a semi-automated, specific protein analyzer Mispa-i2 (Germany).
Serum creatinine and MAU were assayed in the fully automated biochemistry analyzer (Mindray BS380). The mean concentration
of CysC was significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers (0.793±0.125 vs. 0.619±0.103, P=0.000). Also, the
mean of MAU and serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers (18.33±3.41 vs.
12.70±0.517, 1.06±0.161 vs. 0.810±0.058, respectively, P=0.000 in both cases). The mean concentration of CysC and MAU was
significantly greater in heavy smokers than in light smokers (P=0.000 and P=0.001, respectively). Serum CysC and MAU levels
were positively correlated with the age of cigarette smokers (r=0.734 and r=0.730, respectively; P=0.000 in both cases) and the
duration of smoking (r=0.773 and r=0.790, respectively; P=0.000 in both cases).
Conclusion: cigarette smoking increases the specific renal biomarkers considered risk factors for renal impairment. Using
such inflammatory biomarkers as diagnostic tools can be a necessary precaution in the development of chronic kidney disease
caused by smoking and in the avoidance of acute renal consequences linked to cigarette smoking.