Effect of green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on growth, physiology, nutrient uptake, and cadmium accumulation in Triticum aestivum (L.)

Cadmium (Cd) stress in crops has been serious concern while little is known about the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) effects on Cd accumulation by crops. This study investigated the effectiveness of CuO NPs in mitigating Cd contamination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation through a pot experiment, presenting an eco-friendly solution to a critical agricultural concern. The CuO NPs, synthesized using green methods, exhibited a circular shape with a crystalline structure and a particle size ranging from 8 to 12 nm. The foliar spray of CuO NPs was applied in four different concentrations i.e. control, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L. The obtained data demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, CuO NPs had a beneficial influence on various growth metrics and straw and grain yields of T. aestivum. The green CuO NPs improved T. aestivum growth and physiology under Cd stress, enhanced selected enzyme activities, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the T. aestivum plants. CuO NPs lowered Cd contents in T. aestivum tissues and boosted the uptake of essential nutrients from the soil. Overall, foliar applied CuO NPs were effective in minimizing Cd contents in grains thereby reducing the health risks associated with Cd excess in humans. However, more in depth studies with several plant species and application methods of CuO NPs are required for better utilization of NPs in agricultural purposes.